Enrico Conti's Liquid Xenon Page

• Xenon on Wikipedia
• Trivial    Other general informations
• General properties
• Liquid Density vs. Temperature
• Density vs. Temperature in gas phase and in liquid phase
• Xe physical properties (from Encyclopedie des Gaz, Elsevier/L'Air Liquide)   - Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature
• Electron mean energy in LXe and LAr as a function of the electric field (from U.Sowada et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 34 (1975), 466)
• Energy level and band structure in gas and liquid (adapted from W.F.Schmidt, "Electronic energy levels in nonpolar dielectric liquids", in "Excess Electrons in Dielectric Media", C.Ferradini and J.Jay-Gerin eds., CRC Press (1991))
  
  
• X-ray and Gamma-ray Interaction Length
• Electron Range (from NIST DataBase)
  • Graph
  • Table (text file)

• General
• Electron drift velocity, mobility and diffusion coefficient
  • Drift velocity vs. Electric field (from L.S.Miller, S.Howe, W.E.Spear, Phys. Rev. 166 (1968), 871)
  • Zero field electron mobility vs. Temperature (from E.M.Gushchin, A.A.Krulov, I.M.Obodovskii, Sov.Phys.JETP 55 (1982), 650)
  • Electron drift velocity at saturation vs. Temperature (from E.M.Gushchin, A.A.Krulov, I.M.Obodovskii, Sov.Phys.JETP 55 (1982), 650)
  • Electron diffusion coefficient in LXe and LAr (from T.Doke, NIM 196 (1982), 87)
• Ion drift velocity
  • Mobility of the positive hole as a funtion of T (from Hilt et al., J. Phys. Condens. Matter 6 (1994), 735)
  • Ion mobility of defined ions as a function of T (from Hilt et al., IEEE Trans.Dielectric and Electr.Insul. 1 (1994), 648)
• Free-ion yield (Gfi = number of free electrons per 100 eV deposited energy)
  • Free-ion yield and light yield vs. Electric field (from S.Kubota, M.Hishida, M.Suzuki, J.Ruan(Gen), Phys. Rev. B20 (1979), 3486)
  • Free-ion yield vs. Electric field (from T.Doke, Portgal. Phys. 12 (1981), 9)
  • Free-ion yield vs. Electric field at low field (from A.S.Barabash et al., NIM A236 (1985), 69)
  • Free-ion yield vs. Electric field for 5.4 MeV alpha-particles. The free-ion yield Gfi for those alphas follows the formula Gfi(E)=Gfi(0)*(1+d*E) with d=0.785E-4 cm/V and Gfi(0)=0.156 (from T.Lindblad et al., NIM 215 (1983), 183).
• Energy resolution with ionization charge
  • Resolution vs. Electric field for electrons (from NIM A 302 (1991), 177)
  • Resolutions Vs. Electric field for alphas (from NIM A 307 (1991), 119)
  • Resolution vs. Temperature (and density) (from I.M.Obodovski, NIM A327 (1993), 119)
  • Resolution vs. Density in High Pressure Xe gas (from C.Levin, J.Germani, J.Markey, NIM A332 (1993), 206)
• Scintillation light
  • Refractive index vs. wavelength (from L.M.Barkov et al., NIM A379 (1996), 482)
  • UV light
    • Refractive index:
      1.69 +- 0.02 (@170K, 178nm) (V.N.Solotov et al., NIM A516 (2004), 462)
      1.5655 +- 0.0024 +- 0.0078 (@161K, 180nm) (NIM A379 (1996), 482)
    • Light attenuation length (Rayleigh scattering + absorption by impurities) @175nm:
      > 100 cm (A.Baldini at al., NIM A 545 (2005), 753-764)
      54(+14 -9) cm (A.Baldini et al., arXiv:physics/0407033 (2004))
      36.4 +- 1.8 cm (NIM A516 (2004), 462)
      29 +- 2 cm (NIM A384 (1997), 380)
      ~ 40 cm (NIM A320 (1992), 228)
      
    • Average energy needed to produce a scintillation photon (from T.Doke et al., NIM A 420 (1999), 62)
      
    • Scintillation decay time (same as above)
      
    • LET dependence of UV light yield (from M.Tanaka et al., NIM A457 (2001), 454)
    • Dependence of UV light yield on gamma-ray energy and models (from M.Szydagis et al., "NEST: a comprehensive model for scintillation yield in liquid xenon", JINST 6 P10002 (2011) ) (arXiv: 1106.1613)
    • Quenching factor for nuclear recoil (from E.Aprile et al., Phys.Rev. D72, 072006 (2005))
      q = (amount of light produced by a recoil nucleus)/(amount of light produced by an electron or gamma-ray) at zero electric field
      Older measurements:
      q = 0.22 +- 0.01 (recoil energy = 40-70 keV) (D.Akimov et al., Phys. Lett. B 524 (2002), 245-251)
      q = 0.2 (recoil energy = 50-100 keV) (F.Arneodo et al., NIM A 449 (2000),147-157)
      q = 0.55 +- 0.11 (recoil energy=10-100 keV) (R.Bernabei et al., Phys.Lett.B 436 (1998), 379-388)
  • IR light
    Xenon (and Argon as well) scintillates in the Infrared at wavelength < 1 micron. Spectrum and scintillation mechanism is studied and understood in gas phase, less in liquid phase. Poor data about the light yield. See:
    • "Infrared fluorescence of Xe2 molecules in electron/proton beam excited pure Xe gas and in Ar/Xe gas mixture", A.F.Borghesani et al., J. Chem. Phys. 115 (2001), 6042
    • "Infrared scintillation: a comparison between gaseous and liquid xenon", G.Bressi et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 461 (2001), 378-380
    • "Measurement of the light yield of infrared scintillation in xenon gas", Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 452 (2000), 167-169
• Purity
  • Rate constant for Electron Attachment to O2, N2O and SF6 in LXe at 165K (from G.Bakale, U.Sowada, W.F.Schmidt, J.Phys.Chem. 80 (1976), 2556)
  • "Measurements of the lifetime of conduction electrons in liquid xenon", E. Aprile, R. Mukherjee, M. Suzuki, Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 300 (1991), 343-350
  • "Measurement of attenuation length of drifting electrons in liquid xenon", M.Ichige et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 333 (1993), 355-363
  • "Electron lifetime measurement in a liquid xenon ionization chamber with the signal shape analysis method" , G.Carugno et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 335 (1993), 338-340
  • "Purification of liquid xenon and impurity monitoring for a PET detector", V.Y.Chepel et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 349 (1994), 500-505
  • "A large liquid xenon time projection chamber for the study of the radiative pion decay", G.Carugno et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth.A 376 (1996), 149-154
  
  
• Other essential bibiography (incomplete):
  • "Average energy expended per ion pair in liquid xenon", T.Takahashi et al., Phys. Rev. A 12 (1975), 1771
  • "Detection gamma dans le xenon liquide et mesure de l'energie moyenne d'ionisation", M.C.Gadenne et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. 124 (1975), 521-526
  • "Fundamental properties of liquid argon, krypton and xenon as radiation media", T.Doke, Portugal Phys. 12 (1981), 9
  • "Statistics of charge collection in liquid argon and liquid xenon", J.Thomas et al., Phys. Rev. A38(1988), 5793
  • "Fano factor in xenon", N.Ishida et al.,Phys. Rev.A 46(1992), 1676-1679
  • "Liquid xenon scintillation: photon yield and Fano factor measurements", J.Seguinot et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 354 (1995), 280-287
  • "Positive hole mobility in liquid xenon", O.Hilt and W.F. Schmidt, Chem. Phys. 183 (1994), 147-153
  • "Test of the recombination model for the energy resolution in an ionization chamber filled with liquid argon or xenon", E.Shibamura et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. vol.34 (1995), pp.1897-1900
  • "Correlated fluctuations between luminescence and ionization in liquid xenon", E.Conti et al., Phys.Rev.B 68, 054201 (2003)
  • "Liquid Xe scintillation calorimetry and Xe optical properties", A.Baldini et al. (2004), arXiv:physics/0401072
  • "Mobility of thorium ions in liquid xenon", K.Wamba et al. NIM A 555 (2005) 205-210, arXiv:cond-mat/0503560
    
    
  • "Liquid xenon as a dark matter detector. Prospect for nuclear recoil discrimination by photon timing", G.J.Davies et al., Phys.Lett. B 320 (1994), 395-399
    
    
  • "Dynamical behavior of free electrons in the recombination process in liquid argon, krypton and xenon", S.Kubota et al., Phys. Rev. B 20 (1979), 3486
  • "Specific-ionization-density effect on the time dependence of luminescence in liquid xenon", S.Kubota et al., Phys.Rev. B 21 (1980), 2632
  • "LET dependence of scintillation yields in liquid xenon", M.Tanaka et al.,Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 457 (2001), 454-463
  • "Absolute scintillation yields in liquid argon and xenon for various particles", T.Doke et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. vol.41(2002), pp.1538-1545
  • "Rayleigh scattering in rare-gas liquids", G.M.Seidel et al., Nucl.Instrum. and Meth. A 489 (2002), 189-194, also arXiv:hep-ex/0111054
    
    
  • "Liquid filled proportional counter", R.A.Muller et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 27 (1971), 532
  • "Electron avalanche in liquid xenon", S.E.Derenzo et al., Phys. Rev. A 9 (1974), 2582-2591
  • "A liquid xenon proportional scintillation counter", K.Masuda et al., Nucl.Instrum.Meth.160 (1979), 247-253
  • "Ionization of liquid xenon by Am-241 and Po-210 alpha particles", E.Aprile et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A307 (1991), 119-125
  • "Detection of energy deposition down to the keV region using liquid xenon scintillation", P.Benetti et al., NIM A327 (1993), 203-206
  • "Scintillating LXe/LKr electromagnetic calorimeter", D.Yu.Akimov et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sc. 42 (1995), 2244
  • "Performance of a liquid xenon time projection chamber for low-energy gamma rays detection", E.Conti et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 356 (1995), 286
  • "Present status of liquid rare gas scintillation detectors and their new application to gamma-ray calorimeters", T.Doke et al., Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A420 (1999), 62-80
  • "Development of a liquid Xe photon detector for mu --> e gamma decay search experiment at PSI", S.Mihara et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 49 (2002), 588-591
  • "Fast timing measurements of gamma-ray events in liquid xenon", K.Giboni et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sc. vol.52, no.5, (2005), 1800-1804
  • "Scintillation response of liquid Xe surrounded by PTFE reflectors for gamma rays", M.Yamashita et al., NIM A 535 (2004), 692-698
  • "Performance of a large area avalanche photodiode in a liquid xenon ionization and scintillation chamber", K.Ni et al., NIM A 551 (2005), 356-363
  • "Simultaneous measurement of ionization and scintillation from nuclear recoils in liquid xenon for a dark matter experiment", E.Aprile et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 081302 (2006)
  • T.Doke et al., "Time-of-flight positron emission tomography using liquid xenon scintillation", Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 569 (2006), 863-871
  • R.Sawada, "Liquid xenon gamma-ray detector for MEG", NIM A 581 (2007), 522-525
  • J.Angle et al. (XENON collab.), "First result from the Xenon10 dark Matter experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory", Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 021303 (2008), also arXiv:0706.0039v1 [astro-ph] (2007)
  • F.LePort et al., "A liquid xenon ionization chamber in an all-fluoropolymer vessel", NIM A 578 (2007), 409-420
  • A.Pullia et al., "A cold low noise preamplifier for use in liquid xenon", IEEE NSS07 Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2007, vol.1, pp.424-428.
  • A.I.Bolozdynya et al., "Using a wavelenght shifter to enhance the sensitivity of liquid Xenon dark matter detectors", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55 (2008), 1453
  • U.Ueshima et al. (XMASS collab.), "Scintillation yield of liquid xenon at room temperature", Nucl. Instrum. and. Meth. A 594 (2008), 148-154 , also ArXiv:0803.2888v01
  • P.Sorensen et al., "The scintillation and ionization yield of liquid xenon for nuclear recoils", Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 601 (2009) 339-346
  • "New measurement of the relative scintillation efficiency of xenon nuclear recoils below 10 keV", E.Aprile et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 045807 (2009)
  • "Design and performance of the XENON10 dark matter experiment", XENON Collaboration, E.Aprile et al., Astrop. Phys. 34 (2011) 679 (arXiv:1001.2834)
  • "Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics", V.Chepel, H.Araujo, JINST 8 R04001 (2013) (arXiv:1207.2292)
  • "Response of liquid xenon to Compton electrons down to 1.5 keV", L.Baudis et al., Phys. Rev. D 87, 115015 (2013)
  
  
  Excellent reviews:
  • E.Aprile, A.E.Bolotnikov, A.I.Bolozdynya, T.Doke, "Noble Gas Detectors", 2006, Wiley-VCH Ed.
  • E.Aprile, T.Doke, "Liquid Xenon Detectors for Particle Physics and Astrophysics", Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 (2010), 2053 (arXiv:0910.4956v1 )
  
  
  Other maybe usefull references:
  • D. Nygren, "Optimal detectors for WIMP and 0-nu betabeta searches: Identical high-pressure xenon gas TPCs?", NIM A 581 (2007), 632-642
  • Xe+ ion drift velocity in GAS Xe (from Neves et al., NIM A 580 (2007), 66-69)
  
  
  
• Basic properties of LXe as related to its application in radiation detectors   Transparencies of W.F.Schmidt talk at Xenon01 Workshop
  
  
• Other readings:
  The Internationl Workshop on Technique and Application of Xenon Detectors, World Scientific Publ., 2002

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